152 research outputs found
Technical University Teacher Competences in Russia and Abroad
βEducation 4.0β should be consistent with the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The reforms of engineering education as its component require new competences of technical university teachers who are responsible for these reforms and as a result, trigger the improvement of further teachersβ professional development programs to train them for that. Such a program is also one of the aims of the project βEffective training model of technical discipline lecturers for the purpose of obtaining βInternational Educator of Engineering Universityβ certificate β βING-PAED IGIPβ. It is realized by Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI) that was recognized as a Federal Innovative Platform in 2020.The project is aimed at designing an additional program intended to develop technical university teachersβ competences that are, on the one hand, relevant to the needs of Russian higher school, and, on the other hand, correspond to the requirements for applying for the title Β«ING-PAED IGIPΒ» of the International Society for Engineering Pedagogy (IGIP). In order to achieve that it is necessary to identify if technical university teachersβ competences that are relevant in Russia correspond the competences determined in IGIP.In order to solve this problem, the authors undertook comparative analysis of the competencies registered in two documents: RF Professional Standard βPedagogue of professional teaching, professional education and additional professional educationβ and the Fourth IGIP Prototype Curriculum.The paper specifies the notion of technical university teacher competence for the research, validates the possibility of the two documents comparison, describes the procedure of comparative analysis on the basis of compiling summary tables.The paper also gives the main conclusions of the comparative analysis. It proves that RF Professional Standard covers all the competences required by Fourth IGIP Prototype Curriculum. RF Professional Standard registers teachersβ actions more distinctly, consistently, and with more details. The research revealed the competences relevant for Russian higher education, but not necessary for IGIP. The research also allowed to formulate preliminary recommendations for designing additional teachersβ professional development program in the MADI project
Hydrodynamical approach to chirality production during axion inflation
We study chirality production in the pseudoscalar inflation model of
magnetogenesis taking into account the Schwinger effect and particle collisions
in plasma in the relaxation time approximation. We consider the Schwinger
production of one Dirac fermion species by an Abelian gauge field in two cases:
(i) the fermion carries only the weak charge with respect to the U(1) group and
(ii) it is also charged with respect to another strongly coupled gauge group.
While the gradient-expansion formalism is employed for the description of the
evolution of gauge field, plasma is described by hydrodynamical approach which
allows us to determine the number, energy density, and chirality of produced
fermions. It is found that while chirality production is very efficient for
both, weakly and strongly interacting fermions, the resulting gauge field is
typically stronger in the case of strongly interacting fermions due to
suppression of the Schwinger conductivity by particle collisions.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure
Formation of High-quality Aluminum Oxide under Ion Beam Irradiation
In this work we used the radiationβinduced technique of selective association of atoms (SAA) to create the aluminum oxide layer on the surface of metallic Al under oxygen ion beam irradiation. Optimal conditions for carrying out the radiation-induced aluminum oxidation process were established to minimize the target sputtering. An aluminum oxide layer of 20 nm thickness was obtained after irradiation of aluminum target with oxygen ions with 0.2 keV energy up to a dose of βΌ2.6 β
1018 ions/cm2 at room temperature. HRTEM and EELS techniques were used to characterize the chemical compositional changes after irradiation. It was found that aluminum oxide layer after irradiation contained an excessive amount (βΌ10 at.%) of implanted oxygen.
Keywords: ion beam irradiation, aluminum thin films, EELS, HRTE
Dew Point Temperature Affects Ascospore Release of Allergenic Genus Leptosphaeria
The genus Leptosphaeria contains numerous fungi that cause the symptoms of asthma and also parasitize wild and crop plants. In search of a robust and universal forecast model, the ascospore concentration in air was measured and weather data recorded from 1 March to 31 October between 2006 and 2012. The experiment was conducted in three European countries of the temperate climate, i.e., Ukraine, Poland, and the UK. Out of over 150 forecast models produced using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multivariate regression trees (MRTs), we selected the best model for each site, as well as for joint two-site combinations. The performance of all computed models was tested against records from 1Β year which had not been used for model construction. The statistical analysis of the fungal spore data was supported by a comprehensive study of both climate and land cover within a 30-km radius from the air sampler location. High-performance forecasting models were obtained for individual sites, showing that the local micro-climate plays a decisive role in biology of the fungi. Based on the previous epidemiological studies, we hypothesized that dew point temperature (DPT) would be a critical factor in the models. The impact of DPT was confirmed only by one of the final best neural models, but the MRT analyses, similarly to the Spearman's rank test, indicated the importance of DPT in all but one of the studied cases and in half of them ranked it as a fundamental factor. This work applies artificial neural modeling to predict the Leptosphaeria airborne spore concentration in urban areas for the first time
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ±ΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΈΠ» Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ: ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
Aim. To identify the current trends in the development of the system of medical supply of the Armed Forces in accordance with the established single logistics support system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.Materials and methods. To achieve the goal of the study, the analysis of foreign and domestic scientific sources and the current legal documents was conducted. During our research the methods of information retrieval, systematization, content analysis, comparison, generalization and modeling were used.Results and discussion. The system of medical supply of the Armed Forces of Ukraine integrates processes of determining needs, procurement, transportation, storage, movement, distribution, disposition and maintenance of medical material, medical appliances and medicines. Medical supply is carried out according to the territorial principle in peacetime and in a special period. At the present, the system of medical supply of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is at a new stage of its evolutionary development β integration into the single logistics support system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which is built in accordance with the norms and standards of NATO. Since the concept of integrated logistics, which contributes to a significant reduction in costs in the complete logistics chain, has recently been the dominant management concept both abroad and in our country, we consider it a priority for the development of the national system of medical supply.Conclusions. The article identifies the current trends in the development of the system of medical supply of the Armed Forces in accordance with the established single logistics support system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. It has been determined that the functioning of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces in the framework of the single logistics support system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine should be based on the concept of integrated logistics management. The component model of the medical supply logistics system integrated into the single logistics support system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine has been created. It has been determined that logistics information systems used to manage flow processes in medical supply organizations must meet special requirements to the supply of medical material, medical appliances and medicines, must support national interests, and should be compatible with standards and information systems of the Armed Forces of NATO member states.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π‘ΠΈΠ» (ΠΠ‘) Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΠ’Π. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅; Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠ’Π.Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π» ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½Π½Ρ, ΡΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ²Π»Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, Π·Π±Π΅ΡΡΠ³Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Ρ, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π° ΡΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ β ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΠΠ’Π. ΠΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ³Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ; Π²Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ.ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π±ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π±ΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
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